DPRK’s Foreign Trade: The Impact of Sanctions

ERI FEB RAS	Issue's contents	RUS
	Regionalistica 2021 Volume 8 number 1 pages 5-28

Title of the article	DPRK’s Foreign Trade: The Impact of Sanctions
Pages	5-28
Author	Dyomina Yana Valeryevna Candidate of science (economics), senior research fellow Economic Research Institute FEB RAS 153, Tikhookeanskaya Street, Khabarovsk, Russia, 680042 This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. ORCID: 0000-0001-5208-7273
Abstract	The author analyzes the dynamics and structure of DPRK’s foreign trade, as well as the impact of international sanctions. Currently, in accordance with UN Security Council resolutions, sanctions include a complete ban on the country’s main export goods, restrictions on the import of petroleum products and the use of North Korean labor abroad. International sanctions and the aggravation of the North and South relations had a significant negative effect on the DPRK’s foreign trade. Until 2013, there was a positive trend, but the tightening of sanctions and nullification of trade with the Republic of Korea led to the collapse of export-import operations. The possibility of restoring the DPRK’s foreign economic relations and developing cooperation with Russia is closely linked to resolving the nuclear issue and lifting international sanctions.
Code	339.5+339.9
DOI	10.14530/reg.2021.1.5
Keywords	foreign trade ♦ export ♦ import ♦ sanctions ♦ DPRK ♦ China ♦ Republic of Korea ♦ Russia
Download	2021-01.5.pdf
For citation	Dyomina Ya.V. DPRK’s Foreign Trade: The Impact of Sanctions. Regionalistica [Regionalistics]. 2021. Vol. 8. No. 1. Pp. 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/reg.2021.1.5 (In Russian)
References	1. Asmolov K.V., Zakharova L.V. Russia’s Relations with the DPRK in the 21st Century: Results of the First 20 Years. Vestnik Rossiyskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Seriya: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya [Vestnik RUDN. International Relations]. 2020. Vol. 20. No. 3. Pp. 585–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-3-585-604 (In Russian) 2. Bardal A.B., Demyanenko A.N., Dyomina O.V., Dyomina Y.V., Lomakina N.V., Minakir P.A. About the Trilateral Economic Cooperation of Republic of Korea, DPRK, and Russia. Regionalistica [Regionalistics]. 2018. Vol. 5. No. 6. Pp. 18–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/reg.2018.6.18 (In Russian) 3. Dyomina O.V. Prospects for Development of the Russian Energy Projects on the Korean Peninsula. Vlast’ i upravlenie na Vostoke Rossii [Power and Administration in the East of Russia]. 2020. No. 3 (92). Pp. 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1818-4049-2020-92-3-8-19 (In Russian) 4. Dyomina Ya.V. Economic Development Zones in the DPRK: Prospects Under International Sanctions. Regionalistica [Regionalistics]. 2019. Vol. 6. No. 4. Pp. 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/reg.2019.4.64 (In Russian) 5. Zhabin N. 50% of the DPRK’s Population Lives Without Electricity. Available at: https://neftegaz.ru/news/energy/451828-bolee-50-naseleniya-kndr-zhivet-bez-elektrosnabzheniya (accessed 3 December 2020). (In Russian) 6. Zhebin A.Z. Korea at the Crossroad. In: The DPRK and the ROK: The 70th Anniversary of Foundation. Moscow, 2018. Pp. 17–32. (In Russian) 7. Zhebin A.Z. USA Uses New Weapons Against North Korea – Financial. Nezavisimaya gazeta [Independent Newspaper]. 2015. No. 19 (6349). Pp. 1–2. (In Russian) 8. Zabrovskaya L.V. Economic Ties of the Russian Far East with the Korean States. Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya [World Eсonomy and International Relations]. 2019. Vol. 63. No. 11. Pp. 114–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2019-63-11-114-121 (In Russian) 9. Zakharova L.V. Foreign Economic Relations of DPRK in XXI Century and Prospects of Their Development Under Kim Jong-Un. Problemy Dal’nego Vostoka [The Far Eastern Affairs]. 2013. No. 4. Pp. 81–97. (In Russian) 10. Zakharova L.V. Economic Cooperation with Foreign Countries and Its Role for the DPRK’s Economy. In: The DPRK and the ROK: The 70th Anniversary of Foundation. Moscow, 2018. Pp. 164–177. (In Russian) 11. Zakharova L.V. Inter-Korean Economic Ties After the «Sanctions of May 24, 2010». Problemy Dal’nego Vostoka [The Far Eastern Affairs]. 2016. No. 3. Pp. 101–111. (In Russian) 12. Zakharova L.V. Inter-Korean «Detente» 2018 and Prospects of North – South Economic Relations Revival. In: The Korean Peninsula in Search of Peace and Prosperity. Proceedings of the Conference in 2 Vols. Vol. 1. Moscow, 2019. Pp. 289–303. (In Russian) 13. Zakharova L.V. The DPRK Economy: An Inside Look. Aziya i Afrika segodnya [Asia and Africa Today]. 2017. No. 12. Pp. 38–45. (In Russian) 14. Zakharova L.V. Russia – North Korea’s Economic Relations in the XXIth Century. Aziya i Afrika segodnya [Asia and Africa Today]. 2015. No. 5. Pp. 15–21. (In Russian) 15. Kiryanov O.V. The Economy of the DPRK Under Severe Sanctions Pressure: Features of Development in 2016–2018. In: Proceedings of the VIII International Korean Studies Conference. Vladivostok, 2019. Pp. 200–206. (In Russian) 16. Kozlov L.E. The Contacts Between the Russian Far East and the DPRK: Past and Present. In: The Korean Peninsula: History and Present Times. Moscow, 2020. Pp. 192–200. (In Russian) 17. Kukla M.P. Realities and Prospects of the Russia – North Korea Economic Relations. Oykumena. Regionovedcheskie issledovaniya [Ojkumena. Regional Researches]. 2017. No. 2 (41). Pp. 61–71. (In Russian) 18. Mishin V.Yu. Russia — North Korea: Mutual Search of Integration Paths. Possibilities and Prospects. Rossiya i ATR [Russia and the Pacific]. 2016. No. 2 (92). Pp. 62–71. (In Russian) 19. Sinyakova A.F. Energy Cooperation in North-East Asia: Asian Energy Ring Prospects. In: East Asia in a Changing World : Reports Presented at the VI International Conference of Young Orientalists at the Institute of the Far East of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, November 29–30, 2018). Moscow, 2019. Pp. 154–160. (In Russian) 20. Brunnstrom D. U.S. Accuses China of «Flagrant» N. Korea Violations, Offers $5 Million Reward. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-northkorea-china-idUSKBN28B540 (accessed 17 December 2020). 21. Burghart S., Park D., Zakharova L. The DPRK’s Economic Exchanges with Russia and the EU Since 2000: An Analysis of Institutional Effects and the Case of the Russian Far East. Asia Europe Journal. 2020. No. 18. Pp. 281–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-019-00544-4 22. Byrne J., Byrne L. Sierra Leone Registers North Korea Linked Vessels in Potential Sanctions Breach. Available at: https://www.nknews.org/2018/02/sierra-leone-registers-north-korea-linked-vessels-in-potential-sanctions-breach/ (accessed 27 November 2020). 23. Choi J. Assessment of North Korea’s Trade with China in 2018 and Prospects for 2019. KIEP Opinions. 2019. No. 156. Pp. 1–5. 24. Choi J. North Korea’s Trade with China in 2019. KIEP Opinions. 2020. No. 187. Pp. 1–4. 25. Chung C., Breuker R. Commentary: North Korea Farming Out Forced Labor to the European Union. Available at: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-north-korea-eu-commentary-idUSKCN0XN2PA (accessed 17 November 2020). 26. Cohen A. North Korea Illegally Trades Oil, Coal, with China’s Help. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/arielcohen/2019/03/21/north-korea-illegally-trades-oil-coal-with-chinas-help/?sh=78d5b0d0301a (accessed 23 November 2020). 27. Harris B., Hornby L., Sevastopulo D. Economic Scramble for North Korea Picks Up Pace. Available at: https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/economic-scramble-for-north-korea-picks-up-pace (accessed 22 November 2020). 28. Hippel D., Hayes P. DPRK Investments in Coal Gasification Driven by Long-Run Juche and Sanctions Proofing. Available at: https://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-special-reports/dprk-investments-in-coal-gasification-driven-by-long-run-juche-and-and-sanctions-proofing/ (accessed 1 December 2020). 29. Hippel D., Hayes P. Energy Insecurity in the DPRK: Linkages to Regional Energy Security and the Nuclear Weapons Issue. Available at: https://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-special-reports/energy-insecurity-in-the-dprk-linkages-to-regional-energy-security-and-the-nuclear-weapons-issue/ (accessed 1 December 2020). 30. Lee J., Park J., Kim S., Mikheev V.V., Minakir P.A., Karaganov S.A., Kim N., Kang B., Kim Ch. Peace and Prosperity on the Korean Peninsula and South Korea – North Korea – Russia Trilateral Cooperation. World Economy Brief. 2019. Vol . 9. No. 24. Pp. 1–7. 31. Lim H., Kim J. DPRK’s Special Economic Zone Policies: Recent Development and Future Challenges. KIEP World Economy Update. 2015. Vol. 5. No. 16. Pp. 1–5. 32. Lukin A., Zakharova L. Russia – North Korea Economic Ties: Is There More Than Meets the Eye? Orbis. 2018. Vol. 62. Issue 2. Pp. 244–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2018.02.005 33. Park J. New Approaches to the Trilateral Cooperation Between South Korea, North Korea and Russia. KIEP Opinions. 2019. No. 162. Pp. 1–3.
Financing
Date